ALL ABOUT MIRRORS

HOW MIRRORS ARE MADE

An ordinary mirror is made from a pane of glass, the back of which is treated to remove the glass's innate transparency and create a reflection. The amount of light that bounces off a surface is its reflectivity, while the direction the light bounces is its diffusivity. These factors combine to determine the usefulness of the surfaces reflective qualities. The Glass While glass is used in most mirrors, it is possible to use other rigid, transparent materials as well, such as plastic polymers. This material is often used for mirrors in children's toys or some inexpensive products. The glass or other substrate can be made in various thicknesses, depending on the intended use of the finished mirror. A thicker glass (1/2" for instance) is less breakable, but will also be heavier than a thinner version (1/4" is very common for household mirrors). The glass will be moulded or cut into the shape necessary for the mirror, usually using a saw that is coated with diamond dust - this allows the saw to cut this very hard material without wearing out the blade. Then it is sanded to a very smooth finish, in preparation for the coating. The Coating Certain metals are known to be very good at reflecting light. The process of "silvering" glass began in the 1600s, and was so called because liquid silver was literally applied to the back of the glass pane. In order to create a flat, undistorted reflection, the glass must be perfectly flat and smooth, and the coating must be evenly applied. Today, aluminium is a more common metal for the back coating than silver. Other metals such as gold or chrome may be used for special scientific mirrors, and mercury was widely used in the early 1900s until it was determined to be quite toxic. Ultimately, the choice of coating metal is dependent on the intended use. Different metals are suitable for reflecting different wavelengths of light, such as infrared or ultraviolet. The coating is applied using an evaporator, a large vacuum chamber that supports the glass while melting the metal. The metal is heated to the point of evaporation, at which time these vapors are deposited on the glass. Different temperatures are required for different metals, and the timing must be precise to ensure the correct thickness of metal vapor is applied evenly to the surface. Depending on how the mirror will be used, additional coatings may be applied to the mirror in a similar manner. For instance, when silver is used, an opaque protective layer is often added to keep the metal from scratching or chipping, and to improve the reflectivity. Finishing Touches Once the mirror has been removed from the evaporator, it is ready to be packaged and shipped. Alternately, the edges may be bevelled at this time. This is done by grinding down the glass at the edges of the mirror, and results in a slope that adds dimension to the flat surface. Bevels range from 1/2" to 1-1/2" wide.

MIRROR SPECIFICS

Rigid Surfaces Silicate glass (made from silica, refined from sand) is the most common transparent surface used in making mirrors. It is easy to manufacture, can be cut or moulded into many different shapes and thicknesses, and is very hard and durable. Pyrex is glass with an added chemical component - boron - that makes it capable of withstanding high heat (think of your baking dishes). It is used to construct mirrors used for scientific purposes. Reduced-Iron glass can be used to create an "ultra clear" mirrored surface. Most glass has a very slight greenish tinge - this is eliminated when the iron content in the silica is reduced. These mirrors are used when flawless color clarity is required. Concave and convex glass can be used to create magnified or expanded reflective mirrors. Concave mirrors require the glass to be curved inward prior to coating, and are often used in vanity or make up mirrors. Convex mirrors are curved outward, and are used in parking lots to allow drivers to see around corners. Colored glass may also be used in specialty mirrors. When the glass is manufactured from silica, certain substances react within the mixture (or to the addition of heat) to create different colors. For instance, differed copper additives result in red, blue, or green glass, lead in yellow, and nickel in violet. Plastic polymer or acrylic may be used to create mirrors where safety is a concern. While glass shatters when broken, acrylic generally just cracks, and often requires more force to do so. Acrylic is less rigid than glass, it may bow and distort reflections at larger sizes, and it tends to have poorer clarity, but for small items like children's toys or furniture, it can be the ideal material. Coatings Aluminium is the most common metal used in mirrors today. It has a high level of reflectivity, and is often combined with a layer of silicon monoxide to ensure a scratch-resistant surface. Other coatings may be added to increase reflectivity. Silver was used for most mirrors up to about a century ago. It has excellent reflectivity (98%), but can easily be scratched. Tin (II) chloride is needed when using silver, because the metal will not bond with the glass on its own. While additional layers can protect against damage, it is not recommended for use in areas of high humidity. Gold is used when reflection of infrared light reflection is required (96%). Like aluminium, gold coatings are often protected with silicon monoxide. Dielectric coatings produce extremely reflective mirrors (99.9%). Certain coatings reflect certain wavelengths of light better than others. They are used in the manufacture of technical and scientific mirrors used in beamsplitters, laser cavity end mirrors, and other lasers. Mirror Thickness Mirrors are most often available in thicknesses of 1/8" or 1/4". The thicker the glass, the less distortion. Because most walls are not perfectly flat, a thinner mirror will warp slightly to match the shape of the wall, and distort any reflection. Frameless Mirror Hanging Options Mirror Clips Commonly seen in bathrooms and some bedrooms where framed mirrors are less common, mirror clips are screwed into the wall and hold the mirror between the clip and the wall. Depending on the weight and size of the mirror, anchors may need to be installed in the wall prior to attaching the clips. Once the anchors or holes are prepared, the bottom mirror clips can be screwed into the wall. For larger mirrors, three or more clips may be required at equal intervals along the length of the mirror. Small mirrors generally require only two, each a short distance from the left and right vertical edges. Once the bottom clips are in place, the mirror is set into the gap between the clip and the wall. The top and side clips can then be installed, holding the frame securely against the wall. Adhesives Adhesives specifically designed for hanging mirrors can be purchased at most hardware stores. Once the location of the mirror is marked on the wall, the back of the mirror should be cleaned with a rubbing alcohol to ensure proper adhesion. The adhesive can then be placed along the back of the mirror, near the outer edge but not close enough that it will squeeze out when the mirror is placed on the wall. To help hold the mirror while the adhesive dries, double sided tape can be used.

MIRROR TREATMENTS

EDGES A bevelled mirror has angled edges that slope away from the center, creating a multi dimensional, decorative appearance. Often, bevelled mirrors are hung as is, with the bevel in lieu of a frame. Framed bevelled mirrors feature the added detail of the slanted lip just before the frame. A bevel is made by grinding down the glass along the edges of the mirror. The possible angles are limited only by the thinness of the glass, and the width of the bevelled area varies widely between manufacturers. Polishing produces a curved edge that removes the sharpness created by the original cut. A polished edge is generally of a matte or satin finish, though gloss - called a high polish edge - is also available. A clean cut edge refers to the right angle achieved in the original cut. This edge is sharp and such mirrors are generally framed before use. SCREENPRINT Both mirrored and transparent glass can be screenprinted. This method creates a design on the surface of the glass in ink, printed with the use of a mesh fabric screen through which the ink is pressed. Screenprinting is a durable technique that can result in a long-lasting decorative piece. ANTIQUE Old mirrors have some erosion visible in the surface, which can mar the reflection. In recent years, antiqued mirrors have become statement pieces in home decor. This effect is created essentially by damaging the coated surface on the back of the frame. The protective paint is removed, and an acid is applied which eats away at parts of the silver or aluminium reflective component. The result is a speckled, distressed look with a vintage appeal. FIRST SURFACE Also called a Front Surface mirror or FSM, these mirrors have the reflective surface placed on top of the glass, instead of behind it (where it is usually placed so the glass will protect it). These mirrors are created for situations that require a direct reflection. In a standard mirror, if you place something against the glass, there is a visible gap between the item and its reflection. In a first surface mirror, the gap is removed. Telescopes and periscopes use this type of mirror, as well as other scientific tools. The reflective coating is generally aluminium, instead of silver. Regular mirrors are sometimes referred to as Second Surface mirrors. SAFETY In order to prevent breaking, or prevent injury in the case of breakage, some mirrors have an extra film affixed to the back. This film is usually made from polyethylene, and prevents the glass from shattering into such tiny pieces if broken. The glass may also be tempered before the reflective coating is applied, which will cause it to break into small, rounded edge pieces instead of sharp shards.

Bevelled edge Antique mirrored surface L: Second surface reflection. R: First surface reflection

ADVANTAGES OF MIRRORS

Besides the obvious advantage of viewing one's reflection, mirrors serve some very significant purposes within any home or office space. LIGHT When placed near a window or interior light, mirrors expand this brightness and project it around the space. This is an excellent option for improving a dim room that has only a small or poorly situated window. It is best to situate the mirror at an angle to the light source. If it is placed directly across from a bulb or window, it can create too much of a glare, or draw attention to a plain desk light. The exception: if your light source is a special object, such as an antique chandelier, its reflection can enhance and highlight the piece. SPACE Because the mirror will reflect whatever is in front of it, when it reflects the floor or a wall, it elongates that area. A large mirror on one wall of a small living room can create the illusion that the room is much larger than its actual square footage. ENHANCE IMPORTANT ITEMS Mirrors draw attention to whatever they are pointed at. Like the lighting example above, you do not want to bring the focus to items in your home that you'd rather not be noticed, such as a messy pile of papers or the dog's food dishes. Instead, try to hang mirrors where they will reflect meaningful things, such as artwork, custom furniture, or a display of family photographs.

Light reflected from the window

DECORATING WITH MIRRORS

A mirror in the bathroom is a practical necessity, but often mirrors are hung or propped in every room. There are many creative ways to display and utilize the unique qualities of mirrors. THE BATHROOM A bathroom mirror is a requirement, but that doesn't mean it can't be given an artistic touch. Many do-it-yourself homeowners have taken to framing their mounted bathroom mirror if it is flush against the wall. This creates a fashionable alternative to clear plastic mirror clips, rough or uneven sections, or any chipping along the edge. This technique can be used to hide a bevelled edge, or create one with a reverse slope moulding. Other decor-savvy individuals have chosen to forgo the traditional counter-wide, single mirror and instead display multiple, framed mirrors. The result is a high style look that is particularly suited to double-sink washrooms. THE BEDROOM Feng shui practices, and many interior designers, suggest keeping mirrors out of the bedroom. But if this is unavoidable - your makeup table is in the corner - or undesirable, the primary suggestion is that they not be placed across from the bed, where you see your reflection upon waking. Above the headboard is a suitable and stylish location. A pair or trio of square mirrors with matching frames can brighten the room without being a constant distraction. Another way to utilize mirrors in the bedroom is with mirrored furniture, which is coming back into vogue. A dresser with mirrored drawers, or a bedside table with a broken mirror mosaic can add a bright touch without always reflecting the unmade bed. THE KITCHEN This is another room where mirrors are not generally suggested, but there are always exceptions to the rule. In addition to brightening a poorly lit room, a mirror can look great reflecting a matching set of hanging pots, or over the sink if the window is on the opposite side of the room. Try a brushed metallic frame moulding or a shiny classic gold to really set off a clean white wall. As mentioned above, a mirror reflecting the beautiful chandelier in the dining room is an excellent statement piece. Choose a wide, ornate frame that can compete with the large pane of glass, and itself serves as an art piece. THE FRONT HALL A mirror is the front hall can bring in light to an often dimly lit area, and provide a welcoming air. Place a mirror with a slim antiqued moulding behind an end table with a plant or vase display. A long, thin, horizontal mirror is a crisp, modern touch, and can look stunning bordered by a simple white frame, placed to catch the light from the doorway and elongate a narrow hallway. THE LIVING ROOM The options for displaying mirrors in the living room are nearly endless, which means it's important not to simply hang a mirror wherever there is an empty space. While multiple mirrors can create a nice effect, the layout should be planned so as not to appear haphazard or excessive. A large, ornately framed mirror over the couch, mantle, or flanking a centerpiece can add depth, illumination, and class to the sitting room. And don't forget that hanging isn't the only option. Leaning very large, or tall, slim mirrors against the wall gives a natural clean look to any room. Just remember that whatever is reflected in the mirror will instantly be raised to a level of importance within the space. THE OFFICE Many office spaces these days have open floorplans and crisp, modern decor. This makes for bright, spacious rooms, but it also results in a lot of walls that need to be filled. Mirrors can be a great option for reception or waiting rooms, darker offices, or even cubicles. We offer a variety of contemporary mouldings - such as our wide selection of custom black frames that can take a bland, borderless mirror to the next level and create a warm, comfortable atmosphere within your business space.

A modern frame on a bathroom mirror A creative mirror display

A mirror is a great option for decorating your home or office. In addition to a fine art print or photograph, why not add a touch of shine and light to your walls that serves both a practical and ornamental purpose? At KeenART Media, we carry a selection of bevelled or clean cut-edge mirrors, as well as a wide array of picture frame mouldings. We can create a mirror that matches your existing decor, or help you select a frame style that will kick off the theme of your whole room. If you have any questions about our products or services, please don't hesitate to contact us. Our knowledgeable staff are always happy to address your concerns and offer suggestions. PLEASE NOTE: Mirrors are for pick up only.

MIRROR FRAMES

The frame you choose for your ornamental mirror should match the style of your existing decor, or the theme you have in mind for an upcoming renovation. With hundreds of styles ranging from sparse contemporary to ornate antique, KeenART Media has the frame that will complete your vision. Browse our full selection of frame mouldings, or select from the options below, arranged by style and size. 2-3/4" Dark Gold Compo Face width: 2-3/4" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 7/8" Frame code: GD41 2-3/4 " Gold Compo Face width: 2-3/4" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 7/8" Frame code: GD46 2-1/2 " Contempo Silver Leaf Face width: 2-1/2" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 3/4" Frame code: GD51 2-1/2 " Gold Face width: 2-1/2" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 3/4" Frame code: GD52 1-1/2 " Silver Precious Metals Face width: 1-1/2" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 3/4" Frame code: GC55 16% off 1-1/2 " Gold Precious Metals Face width: 1-1/2" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 3/4" Frame code: GC56 3-7/8 " Antique Gold Bead Face width: 3-7/8" Height: 15/16" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GE90 3 " Mottled Bronze Niebla Face width: 3" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 9/16" Frame code: GE91 8% off 3 " Mottled Silver Niebla Face width: 3" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 9/16" Frame code: GE92 3 " Mottled Gold Niebla Face width: 3" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 9/16" Frame code: GE93 2 " Gold Ornate Face width: 2" Height: 1-3/8" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD132 2-1/4 " LErmitage Silver Face width: 2-1/4" Height: 1-1/8" Rabbet: 5/16" Frame code: GD133 2-1/2 " Matte Black Face width: 2-1/2" Height: 1-1/8" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GC134 2 " Silver Ornate Face width: 2" Height: 1-3/8" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD210 3" Mahogany Color Finish Face width: 3" Height: 1-1/8" Rabbet: 7/16" Frame code: GD217 10% off 3 " Walnut Color Finish Face width: 3" Height: 1-1/8" Rabbet: 7/16" Frame code: GD218 2-3/4 " Gold Leaf Palazzo Face width: 2-3/4" Height: 1" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE235 16% off 2-3/4 " Silver/Black Palazzo Face width: 2-3/4" Height: 1" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE238 8% off 2 1/4" Metallico Swirl Bronze Face width: 2-1/4" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE241 16% off 2 1/4" Metallico Swirl Gold Face width: 2-1/4" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE242 2 1/4" Metallico Swirl Silver Face width: 2-1/4" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE243 8% off 2-1/2 " Gold Goya Face width: 2-1/2" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 9/16" Frame code: GD256 2-1/2 " Silver Goya Face width: 2-1/2" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 9/16" Frame code: GD257 2-1/4" LErmitage Gold Face width: 2-1/4" Height: 1-1/8" Rabbet: 5/16" Frame code: GD291 2-1/2 " Black High Glossy Face width: 2-1/2" Height: 1" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GD322 10% off 2 " Gold classic Face width: 2" Height: 1" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD385 20% off 3-1/2 " Bronze Acid Wash Face width: 3-1/2" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE399 2 " Bronze Classic Face width: 2" Height: 1" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD423 2 " Silver Classic Face width: 2" Height: 1" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD424 2-5/8 " Silver with black lip Face width: 2-5/8" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GD425 2-5/8 " Gold with black lip Face width: 2-5/8" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GD427 1-3/4 " Silver Face width: 1-3/4" Height: 1" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD430 3-1/2 " Matte White Face width: 3-1/2" Height: 1-1/4" Rabbet: 3/8" Frame code: GE453 1-1/4 " Gold Cruz Face width: 1-1/4" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GB458 1-1/4 " Silver Cruz Face width: 1-1/4" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GB459 3 " Ornate Silver Leaf Face width: 3" Height: 1" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GE464 3 " Ornate Gold Leaf Face width: 3" Height: 1" Rabbet: 5/8" Frame code: GE465 1-1/2 " Mahogany w/Bead Face width: 1-1/2" Height: 1-1/16" Rabbet: 7/16" Frame code: GB479 9% off 3-1/8 " Sherwood Walnut Face width: 3-1/8" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GE501 1-3/4 " Silver Face width: 1-3/4" Height: 3/4" Rabbet: 1/2" Frame code: GD517 1 " deep Rustique Walnut Shadow Box Face width: 1-3/4" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 1" Frame code: GD531 1 " deep Rustique Tan Shadow Box Face width: 1-3/4" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 1" Frame code: GD532 10% off 1 " deep Rustique Dark Grey Shadow Box Face width: 1-3/4" Height: 1-1/2" Rabbet: 1" Frame code: GD534

Mirrors FAQs:

Q1 : Can I order a custom mirror size not offered on the site? Q2 : How will I hang my custom framed mirror? Q3 : How do I pick the best frame for my mirror? Q4 : I don't live in the Metro Vancouver area. Can you ship my mirror? Q5 : What sizes of mirrors do you offer? Q6 : I want a round or oval mirror. Can you help me? Q7 : What kinds of mirror edges do you offer? Q8 : How thick are your mirrors? Q9 : Why do I have to select "fitting" when ordering my framed mirror? Q10 : Why would I order a bevelled mirror if I am having it framed?   Q1 : Can I order a custom mirror size not offered on the site? At this time, we can only supply the sizes shown on the webpage. However, if you have an unframed rectangular or square mirror of any size, we are more than happy help you complete your decor piece. You can stop by our warehouse to select the perfect frame, then leave the mirror with us for fitting. Q2 : How will I hang my custom framed mirror? Your mirror will have any necessary hardware attached when you pick it up, and we will also supply you with whatever hardware you need for your wall. Most mirrors will have hooks affixed to either side, with picture framing wire strung between them. Depending on the size of your mirror, you will receive one or two hooks which can be hammered into the wall. The picture framing wire will be hung on these hooks and your mirror will hang securely on the wall. Q3 : How do I pick the best frame for my mirror? The first thing to consider is the existing decor in the room where your mirror will be hung. If you favour stark white walls and geometric furniture, you may want to pair your mirror with a high gloss black reverse scoop frame, or a matte white, sharp angled frame. If your room is classic with warm tones, we have a great selection of Victorian and other metallic-gilded frames that range from a simple curved face to ornate decoration. If you are unsure what frame is best for your mirror, feel free to pop into our store and browse our large selection of frames. Our staff is always happy to offer suggestions and advice about the best frame for your unique decor style. Q4 : I don't live in the Metro Vancouver area. Can you ship my mirror? Unfortunately, we do not offer shipping for our mirrors at this time, due to the cost of shipping large items and the fragility of the glass. We are happy to hold onto your mirror for you until your next visit to the city. Alternately, please browse our extensive selection of Picture Frames. We can certainly ship your frame, and you can purchase a mirror locally. Q5 : What sizes of mirrors do you offer? We offer mirrors with a 1-1/4" bevelled edge in: 16x20" 20x24" 24x30" 24x36" 32x40" Our flat, unbevelled mirrors are available in: 32x40" 36x48" 40x60" Q6 : I want a round or oval mirror. Can you help me? Because a special kind of frame moulding is needed to create rounded frames, we are unable to accommodate this request. We only offer rectangular mirrors, and can frame any rectangular or square mirror. Q7 : What kinds of mirror edges do you offer? We have mirrors with a 1-1/4" bevel, and straight-edged mirrors available in a variety of sizes. Q8 : How thick are your mirrors? Our flat, unbevelled mirrors are 1/8" thick. Our bevelled edge mirrors are 1/4" thick. Q9 : Why do I have to select "fitting" when ordering my framed mirror? The fitting option is required because all our frames are custom made when you order. This means we must measure the mirror to ensure the frame is exactly the right size (if the mirror measurement is off by even 1/8" the fit can be compromised). Once the frame is constructed, we place the mirror as well as the backing into the frame and secure the backing in place with the appropriate hardware. We also attach hanging hardware to the back of the back of the frame, and supply you with the necessary wall attachments. Q10 : Why would I order a bevelled mirror if I am having it framed? About an inch of the bevelled edge will show around the outside of your mirror once it is framed. The bevel creates a nice sparkle on the glass and gives the mirror a finished look that is lacking with a flat mirror.

If you don't find the answer you're looking for here, please contact us.